If you know one thing about John Singer Sargent, it is probably his portraits. The artist made a name for himself as a painter of high society characters — beginning in Paris, where he started his career in the 1870s, through his rise to prominence before the turn of the century. But in “Sargent: Portraits of Artists and Friends,” now on view at the Met through October 4, we get a chance to see beyond the artist’s commissions to his passion projects — paintings of his close friends and artistic contemporaries, including Claude Monet, Auguste Rodin, Henry James, even a young William Butler Yeats, and many more. The exhibition, which originated at the National Portrait Gallery in London, expanded by 20 works from the Met’s collection when it moved to the American museum. ARTINFO spoke with Met co-curators Stephanie Herdrich and Elizabeth Mankin Kornhauser to learn about this new side of Sargent.
How did the idea for this show come about?
Stephanie Herdrich: The specific story of how the show came about, actually, starts at the National Portrait Gallery in London with Richard Ormond, who is a descendent of Sargent’s and also the main author of the Sargent catalogue raisonné, and he also used to work at the National Portrait Gallery. He was talking to the director of the National Portrait Gallery, Sandy Nairne, about one of the portraits of Robert Louis Stevenson, and Sandy Nairne said, “I love this painting, we should do a show around this painting,” and told Richard to think about it. Richard came up with this idea of Sargent’s artistic circle and his friends, Sargent’s portraits of the artists.
Elizabeth Mankin Kornhauser: [The portrait of Stevenson] was so eccentric, with him seemingly walking out of the space and the dark, mysterious doorway between Stevenson and his wife, who is cut off on the right hand side. It’s typical of how, because Sargent knows these people so well, he can get at their essence. Stevenson was evidently a very wired person and sort of always talking to himself, so [Sargent] just captures him at that familiar moment that I’m sure he had witnessed many times.
Herdrich: With these creative types, Sargent feels he can take more risks. This is so unconventional. You wouldn’t do that necessarily for some society matron — but Stevenson and his wife loved the portrait.
Kornhauser: Sargent had the confidence to know that they would understand what he was doing.
Do you also notice a stylistic freedom in other noncommissioned works?
Herdrich: Madame Gautreau — the famous “Madame X” — was a noncommissioned work, someone that Sargent was fascinated with. We know that the sitter liked the portrait, but when it was displayed in Paris, people thought it was really unflattering and that she looked decomposed and dead. It really gave Sargent a reputation for creating eccentric portraits. Then, if we look at some of his more informal portraits, which are just quickly dashed off, I think you see his brushwork is so free and expressive.
There were several occasions in the late 1880s, early 1890s where he sees these wonderful performers and then approaches them and asks to paint them. Shakespearean actress Ellen Terry, the Spanish dancer Carmencita — again, a noncommissioned work. In this period, the status of actors and performers is really changing. Earlier, they were seen as common, rough characters; high society people wouldn’t go to these performances. Sargent’s portraits really elevate them. This is the scale of a portrait of an aristocrat or royalty; this would’ve been shown at an exhibition alongside portraits of aristocrats. There were people who criticized the portrait [of Carmencita], I really think because she was a common performer, and they weren’t used to seeing that kind of character on such a grand scale. And her attitude is a little almost haughty. I think that’s in there, these kind of classist notions.
Do you think that was deliberate — that he was trying to flout people’s sensibilities?
Herdrich: I think he painted what fascinated him. I don’t think he was trying to be provocative, but I do think he was naturally drawn to fascinating people, to bold personalities. It’s interesting to think that he’s often described as kind of shy and retiring and awkward, but if you look at the people he sought out to paint, he was attracted to the exact opposite — people who performed boldly onstage, people who lived on the fringes of society.
He was born to American parents in Europe — they just moved seasonally — and I think the constant meeting of new people and ability to blend in and observe comes partly from that background. His parents encouraged him — took him to every museum, every monument, so he was constantly expanding his horizons.
Even if he spent most of his career in Europe, he always considered himself an American and really worked hard and steadily to build his career here. Isabella Stuart Gardner, for example, was one of his most important patrons — we’re thrilled to have that portrait here from the Gardner Museum.
Kornhauser: We learned that this is the first time it’s left Boston. The museum director, Anne Hawley, felt that because of Gardner’s deep Manhattan roots, it was very appropriate to reunite her with this community of friends and people that she admired. And especially Sargent — their relationship was very personal.
Herdrich: Though it is a commissioned piece, it’s sort of a perfect example of a progressive patron conspiring with Sargent to create an unusual portrait. She had admired the painting of Madame Gautreau and wanted something equally evocative. The resulting portrait, I think, really defies conventional, traditional portraiture in the period. She has this bizarre brocade background that makes her look like a haloed icon, and viewers thought her expression was sort of mysterious. She wasn’t known as a great beauty, and I don’t think Sargent is going for all-out flattery. He’s really focusing on her formidable personality.
In addition to the portraits, there’s also a lot of landscape work on view.
Kornhauser: While he spent considerable time in Boston and New York, where his patrons, his close friends were located, he also got as far as Florida and Maine — which is an important point to make, that he got out of the major cities. You begin to see an interest in landscape as he turns away from the formal portrait commissions.
Herdrich: He always actually did like to paint landscapes, but then he really gets tired of painting portraits and focuses more on outdoor and landscape scenes, sometimes combining it with portraiture. After 1900, he’s really moving away from formal portraiture, and in 1907, he makes a formal declaration saying he’s no longer going to do commissioned portraits. He spends his time painting murals in Boston for the MFA and the public library, but then increasingly returning to this pattern of traveling, painting out of doors.
In the last gallery, you see these images of his traveling companions, often artists at work or relaxing. Also in this gallery, you see a lot of images of artists painting, and we really feel that these are self-portraits — showing the creation of art through his eyes.
Kornhauser: That title — “An Artist in His Studio.” You start to imagine what Sargent’s own life might have been like. I think it’s a very revealing painting.
And that element of “a painting within a painting” — trying to differentiate the painted person from the painted canvas-within-a-canvas — is more complex than straight portraiture.
Herdrich: People want to dismiss Sargent as being kind of superficial or too fluid or too easy, but this is really a thoughtful painting — it contains layers and layers about the creation of art.
Kornhauser: I think most of the paintings in this gallery show his modern inclinations, the way he crops it down so tightly, and the perspective is extraordinary. The bed linens catching the light…
It’s almost like, even though he’s not doing paintings of high society women in gowns anymore, he found a way to include that folded fabric.
Herdrich: Well, he had costumes that he traveled with that would make his friends pose for him, and that pale blue skirt [in “In a Garden, Corfu,” 1909] is one of them.
Kornhauser: I think the biggest lesson that people should take away is that you actually get to know Sargent as a person through seeing these paintings. In the past, he was just presented as kind of mysterious, very shy, very retiring man.
What is it about Sargent, do you think, that we get to know through this show?
Herdrich: He’s so well known as a portraitist to high society — and those types of portraits, I don’t feel, represent him fully as a person. So by peeling away that layer and looking at the people he was friends with and how he paints them, I think that gives us not only insight into who he was, but just a broader view of him as an artist and what was important to him and what he was passionate about.
The Met has one of the largest collections of works by Sargent in the world — over 300 drawings and watercolors. And most of them came from the leftovers of the artist’s estate, so they were works that were mostly never exhibited in his lifetime. We wanted to use this opportunity, not only to highlight that aspect of our collection, but to look at some of the subjects that captivated him when he was kind of off duty — what he painted when he was painting for his own pleasure. Focusing also on the fluidity of his technique, the spontaneity of it, the ease.
Kornhauser: He’s always hovering in these paintings. You know he’s right there, painting this scene. It’s human nature, I think, to want to know more about people who keep themselves apart.