Fifty years past a now-immemorial motorcade through Dallas's downtown Dealey Plaza, “JFK November 22, 1963: A Bystander's View of History,” on view at the International Center of Photography in New York, offers an idea of what it might have been like to witness it from the crowd. With a series of photos then captured by the motorcade's roadside instant-camera viewers – from varying distances and angles, usually blurred or slightly out of focus — the images create a type of jagged, film-still view, somewhat near Elm Street. On view among these are also some more iconic images, including Mary Ann Moorman's Polaroid of the assassination and Lee Harvey Oswald backyard portrait, and memorabilia collected in the wake of the tragedy ranging from postcards to campaign posters.
If the exhibition focuses on the Kennedy assassination as a subject it's also, as ICP curator Brian Wallis pointed out in a recent conversation with BLOUIN ARTINFO, “a look at a moment that changed photography,” where, among other things, roadside amateur snapshots captured a documentary idea that would later feed into the medium.
Can you tell me about how you decided to put together "JFK November 22, 1963"?
ICP has a big collection of Kennedy material, in part because our founder, Cornell Capa, followed the 1960 presidential campaign as a photojournalist, and was a White House photographer during the first year of the Kennedy presidency. But we also have a surprising amount of material related to the assassination. So I thought on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the death of President Kennedy, it would be an interesting moment to look at the material.
When I looked at the photography surrounding the assassination, the thing that struck me most was of how much of it had been done not be professional photojournalists, but by amateur photographers, what I would call “bystander photographers.” You think about the famous Zapruder film or the Polaroid pictures taken by Mary Ann Moorman and other bystanders, and it’s an example of how amateur photographers stepped in to fill a void where professional photojournalists had failed to capture the assassination. That interested me as a precursor to contemporary citizen journalism, but also as a way in which vernacular photography, or popular photography, gets incorporated into the historical record.
The assassination has long been described as a media event, because television broadcast four days of national mourning virtually nonstop, but the various uses of photography [in relation to the event] had never really been examined that closely. The example of the amateur photographers is one [aspect] of this, and then there was the way that photography was used to try to solve the case, either as part of the official story, with the Warren commission, or on the part of conspiracy theorists who used photography to try to disprove the publicly accepted story. A third [aspect] is the way in which photographs were used to cope with a national trauma. These are the three points focused on in the exhibition.
The show includes images that are iconic now — stills from the Zapruder film, the Mary Ann Moorman photo — but what are some of the works that might be more surprising?
The Zapruder and the Mary Ann Moorman photo are justifiably famous because they did capture the actual moment of the shooting. But I was equally fascinated by the ones where somebody was standing alongside the motorcade route and just taking a picture of the president going by. Which is a funny and fascinating thing, when you think about it: what is the photo’s destination? How would it be received, who would be the viewers? Mary Ann Moorman actually told me that the reason she was there was, specifically, was because she was taking a picture for her son, who couldn’t attend.
What are some of the more interesting to look at from a photographic standpoint?
There was a movement from that point forward to challenge the conventions of photojournalism, from a number of different directions. One thing that’s outstanding about these pictures is that they have a very provisional, ephemeral quality to them that’s typical of popular photography, but less popular in photojournalism — which at that point, in 1963, was highly calibrated, highly composed photos of noteworthy events. Photos in which, ideally, you’re focusing on a particular, journalistic narrative arc, or on a key moment. The hallmark of these bystander photographs is that they often miss the key moment. They took a picture just before or after, kind of blurred, where the main subjects were in the background.
I wouldn’t say that’s cause and effect, but that’s part of a general movement toward a new kind of photography, both in fine-art photography and in photojournalism, that allowed for a different approach, a different vocabulary and a different way of communicating with the audience. And a breakdown of some of the canonical features of historical photojournalism.
Are there specific images in the show that highlight this more than others?
I mentioned people who were standing along the roadside. There are a few pictures that are just of the motorcade. Each one of them captures that ephemeral passing nature. On the other hand you have what I think is one of the great pieces in the exhibition, the so-called backyard photograph of Lee Harvey Oswald holding a gun and a communist newspaper. It became a centerpiece of the Warren Commission and the presentation of Lee Harvey Oswald as this lone gunman.
Which is a really fascinating photograph when you look at it from that perspective. It’s kind of staged, it’s kind of clumsily done. But it’s an interesting, popular version of an iconic portrait. Here’s somebody standing with what might be described as the attributes of their profession. It’s like a resume — he’s got a gun [in a holster] and he’s holding a rifle and a Communist newspaper. He’s signaling all the skills he has to offer. It’s an example of the formal value of portraiture, brought it down to a very local level. This was one of the pictures that came to us from the Time Life archive, so it’s not the exact one that was used on the cover of Life magazine, but it was from the same series. So I was quite excited about that.
There are also great examples in the show where photographs are used in reproductions. One is an early campaign poster of Kennedy, and then a poster that was hung in a storefront after the shooting to designate that it would be closed for mourning, using the exact same picture from that poster. These uses of photography are fascinating in the way [they show how] most people accessed photography. And then there’s probably the most extraordinary photographic document of the Kennedy assassination — the Warren Report itself, 26 volumes that J.G. Ballard called “the greatest photo novella ever published,” because it’s just volumes and volumes of miscellaneous photographs, every piece of clothing in Lee Harvey Oswald’s closet, page after page of the contents of his wallet, crazy site reconstructions and so forth. It’s this sort of blizzard of information that ultimately bolsters the highly contested conclusion about the assassination.
You mentioned that the third point of the exhibition was the way that photography was involved with the grieving process, which is a point that seems to come up less. What are some of the more interesting things to point out here?
One of the things that really struck me, beyond the actual taking of photographs, was the way that people wanted to consume images. I don’t exactly know enough about the psychological process, but I see this as a way of negotiating grief. People wanted to buy a postcard portrait, or they wanted to create a scrapbook, or they wanted to buy a commemorative magazine of pictures. Some of the souvenirs are really bizarre, like a statuette of John John saluting the coffin, or reproductions of iconic photographs on plates or glasses. It takes all form of retail objects, but clearly there was a huge desire for people to hold onto something and to try to understand this and surround themselves with objects that would be touchstones for them in trying to understand this confounding, political situation. You’ll often see people with pictures of a rug of JFK on it in the background, or something.
One of the best things in the exhibition is a small work we commissioned from a filmmaker, Alan Governor, which consists of just folk recordings of music that was composed immediately after the assassination, to address this grieving process. And there are hundreds and hundreds of these songs – it’s this whole genre of musicians trying to address this tragedy through song. So it’s a kind of parallel experience to the popular response of people through photography. And the responses seemed like a good case study for an investigation that you could do with other historical exhibitions, like 9/11, where you have people summoning a lot of interesting and creative cultural responses to a historic event — some fall back on traditional forms, but many of the others are just completely new, and unique.
To see images from the exhibition, click on the slideshow.